Introduction: Unemployment duration is the length of time that an unemployed person looks for a job. It is an indicator of labor market performance. In other words, a longer period of unemployment duration reflects the poor performance of labor market and implies that structural barriers prevent the employment of unemployed. In recent years, the unemployment rate in Yazd has exceeded the average unemployment rate in the country, and this has made unemployment an important issue in Yazd. In this regard, unemployment duration is of importance. Accordingly, identifying the factors affecting the unemployment duration is as important as identifying the factors affecting the unemployment rate. Unemployment insurance is a factor affecting the unemployment duration. On this basis, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of unemployment insurance on unemployment duration in Yazd. Methodology: In the present study, the generalized Cox proportional hazard model has been used as a statistical method to correlate survival with a number of explanatory variables. This model belongs to the group of non-parametric models and is a function of time and explanatory variables. One of the features of this model is the proportional hazard assumption, according to which the risk ratio is always a fixed number and independent of time. If the explanatory variables in the exponential expression are not time-independent, the generalized Cox proportional hazard model is applicable. The exponential part of the generalized Cox proportional hazard model includes time-independent and time-dependent variables. In the present study, the maximum likelihood method has been used to estimate the parameters, in which the parameters are obtained by maximizing the probability function. In the model of this study, the unemployment duration is a function of unemployment insurance and a vector of explanatory variables including age, gender, marital status, employment history and number of children. Unemployment duration in terms of day and unemployment insurance, which is the wage given during the unemployment or a coefficient of wage that is received based on the minimum wage, is entered into the model. The statistical population of this study consisted of the unemployed job seekers who were unemployed from 2013 to 2017. They received unemployment insurance and were re-employed. Raw data were collected from the Department of Labor, Cooperation and Social Welfare Organization and the Social Security Organization of Yazd. Results and Discussion: The distribution of statistical population according to the unemployment duration shows that the unemployment duration of 66. 2% was under 12 months and of 29. 8% was between 12 and 24 months, which accounts for 96% of the statistical population. Also, the unemployment wage (unemployment insurance) of 74. 1% was equal to the minimum wage and of 25. 9% was more than the minimum wage. In addition, unemployment wage (unemployment insurance) has a positive and significant correlation with unemployment period. The results of estimating the generalized Cox model show that unemployment insurance has significantly increased the unemployment duration, and the increased unemployment insurance has resulted in increased unemployment duration. Also, being single and having no children leads to an increase in the unemployment duration. In contrast, employment history and age lead to a decrease in the unemployment duration. In other words, people who received unemployment insurance, namely those who were single and had no children, left the unemployment duration later, and people with a longer employment history and age left the unemployment duration earlier. In addition, gender did not have a significant effect on the unemployment duration. According to the coefficients, unemployment duration is more affected by individual characteristics than by unemployment insurance. Also, among the variables, the largest coefficient is related to being married. Conclusion: In this study, for the first time, unemployment insurance is included in the model not as a dummy variable (receiving or not receiving unemployment insurance) but as unemployment wage. This is used as a coefficient, or the ratio of unemployment insurance to minimum wage. The results of the model estimation showed that unemployment insurance significantly increases the unemployment duration. Most studies confirm this result. However, a few studies such as Carling et al. (1996) in Sweden, Tatsiramos (2006) for European countries, Fitzenberger and Wilke (2007) in Germany and Galean et al. (2019) in Spain contradict the results of the present study. This study showed that the benefits under unemployment insurance payment are as important as the payment period to reduce the length of the unemployment duration. Also, policymakers should reduce the adverse impact of unemployment insurance on the unemployment duration by paying attention to both benefits and duration. Therefore, if unemployment insurance benefits gradually decrease over time with increasing unemployment duration, the incentive to re-employ will increase. In addition, paying attention to the education and training of the unemployed by emphasizing on technical and vocational training can provide the basis for reducing the unemployment duration.

This study investigates the effect of individual characteristics on the unemployment duration of job seekers in Iran, using information from the Labor Force Survey in 2018 and applying of nonparametric, semi-parametric and parametric methods. The results show that the probability of employment for married males and also Married females are more likely than single people. Regional differences in the likelihood of leaving unemployment were statistically significant, and men who living in urban areas had longer periods of unemployment than men who living in rural areas; While the probability of employment of women who living in urban areas was higher than those living in rural areas. The possibility of finding a job for unemployed men and women with the 26-30 and over 30 years old was lower than people 25 years or younger old. People with previous work experience were much more likely to be employed than people without previous work experience. The possibility of getting a job for females with previous work experience was three times more that of females without experience. For both of males and females, individuals with Post-secondary non-tertiary, Upper secondary, Lower secondary and primary degrees had lower unemployment duration than those with higher levels of education. Moreover, with an increase in the unemployment rate, the unemployment duration of males and females increases.

Based on empirical studies and labor economics theories, the unemployment duration, acquiring occupational skills, and receiving unemployment insurance are among explanatory features of labor wages. With an increase in unemployment duration, selecting a job with low wage is more likely to be probable. On the other hand, by increasing human capital and improving occupational skills by participating in training courses, it is possible for the trained jobseeker to find a job with proper wage. But unemployment insurance has a double impact. On the one hand, unemployment insurance provides an opportunity for unemployed to search longer for a job with appropriate wage. On the other hand, the jobseeker receiving unemployment insurance becomes more selective and presumably decreases the job search intensity. This study examined the causal effects of these variables on the wages of jobseekers at work in the years of 1393-94 using the linear regression method. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between wages and learning occupational skills. The relation between unemployment duration and wages is negative and consistent with theory, receiving unemployment insurance does not have a significant effect on wages. The results of the model estimation using instrumental variables in two-stage least squares method showed that the coefficients resulted from this method are greater than those of ordinary least squares method and their effects on wages are significant.

The study of the impact of unemployment insurance policies on job incentives for unemployed people requires empirical studies. In this paper, the survivability in unemployment insurance has been investigated based on individual characteristics using survival analysis method. The focus of the research is on the impact of unemployment benefit and spell, which is then divided into five different categories of these two variables, along with the variables of gender, marital status, educational level, previous use Unemployment insurance and vocational training are also considered. The Analysis on the Survivability Function is based on Fund Social Security organization's data, during (January 2013 to June 2018). The result of the Survival Survey illustration unemployment insurance benefit and spell significantly increases survive in unemployment insurance. Also, the variables of gender, marital status and the duration of previous use of unemployment insurance in low unemployment benefit were significant. As men, married and those who have used less than previous unemployment insurance, are more likely to survive. On the other hand, variables of education, vocational education and age have no significant effect on the survival of individuals in unemployment insurance. Considering the significant variables, It is recommended to optimize unemployment insurance to consider The downward trend of monthly unemployment insurance and reduced payment against proposed job rejection, the reduction in the length of payment based on the average of similar countries and design of efficient system in vocational education and employment centers.

This study aims at investigating the determinants on unemployment duration of high level educated individuals in Iran. To achieve this purpose, the information of Labor Force Survey in 2020 and Competing Risk Model approach with transitions out of unemployment by exiting toward well matched or wrong matched position, have been used.The results show that individuals with short-cycle tertiary education are less likely to get a well matched position while Individuals with short-cycle tertiary education are more likely to get a wrong matched position. Among the major educational groups, the Humanities and Arts as well as Health were more likely to achieve a well matched position and less likely to achieve a wrong matched position. Females are more likely to achieve a well matched position than males. High level educated individuals in rural areas are more (less) likely to achieve a wrong matched (well matched) position. With increasing age, the possibility of getting a well matched and wrong matched position will decrease. The single compared to married individuals and those with no experiences compared to experienced individuals, were less likely to get a well matched and wrong matched position. Finally, when the unemployment rate increases, the risk of getting a well matched (wrong matched) position is reduced (increased).JEL Classification: J64, J24, C41

Unemployment as a socioeconomic issue has always been one of the most important concerns in every country especially in developing ones. Regarding to the high level of unemployment particularly among women, young and higher-educated people and of course long duration of unemployment in Iran, considering unemployment duration is getting more important than before. In this paper, by using non-parametric approach in survival analysis the determinants of unemployment duration in urban and rural area in 2018. According to Kaplan-Meier estimator the probability of being unemployment in urban area is more than rural area. Women and young labor have the least chance to exit from unemployment pool. Also, gender gap in rural area is more than urban area. Among unemployed persons with university degrees, individuals having associate degree have the least unemployment survival probability. One more is that survival probability of individuals with unemployment insurance in rural area is more than without insurance. People who are the only unemployed person in their family have more chance to exit from unemployment spell. So, it seems that balanced development, consistency between university educations and labor market demands and needs, amending the rules of labor market due to reducing the gender gap and age of retirement are effective policies in order to reducing unemployment spells and its negative consequences.

The main Purpose of this paper is to estimate the effects of training on the unemployment duration of unemployed workers. In doing so, following Loncaster (1979), we use a method for the parametric estimation of the determinants of the unemployment duration distribution. This method is applied to Shiraz labour market data.The results indicate that, unemployment duration is negatively influenced by general training. However, the effects of short run technical and professional training provided by the private sector is more significant. This result supports the view that, when training can affect labour productivity, it can be one of the most important tools to support the unemployed workers and to facilitate their reemployment.